Become A Member

Introduction: The pharmaceutical branch of Ayurveda, Rasa Shastra, describes unique processes for converting metals and minerals into therapeutically active, biocompatible forms called Bhasma. Among these, the Puta system represents a specialized calcination technique central to Bhasma preparation. While classical Ayurvedic texts provide elaborate guidelines on Puta types, material, and procedure, recent scientific explorations attempt to validate these practices through modern analytical tools. Methods: A comprehensive review of classical Ayurvedic literature (Charaka Samhita, Rasaratna Samuccaya, Rasa Tarangini, Ayurveda Prakasha) and modern scientific studies was undertaken. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and AYUSH Research Portal were searched using keywords like Puta system, Bhasma Nirman, calcination, Ayurvedic pharmaceutics, and nanoparticles. Inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed articles, dissertations, and experimental validations published in the last 25 years. Results: Traditional sources describe various Puta types—Gaja Puta, Varaha Puta, Kukkut Puta, and Laghu Puta—with specifications based on the material and therapeutic application. Experimental studies confirm that repeated incineration cycles influence particle size, crystalline structure, and safety profiles of Bhasma. Techniques such as XRD, SEM, TEM, ICP-AES, and FTIR demonstrate nanoscale particle size, enhanced bioavailability, and absence of toxic heavy metals when Puta procedures are meticulously followed. Discussion: Correlating classical descriptions with modern validations indicates that the Puta system ensures detoxification, homogenization, and nano-sizing of metals. However, standardization remains a challenge due to variable traditional practices. More translational studies bridging classical guidelines with pharmacological and toxicological validations are essential for global acceptance of Bhasma.

KEYWORDS: Ayurveda, Bhasma, Calcination, Nanomedicine, Puta system