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Introduction: Rasashastra, a specialized branch of Ayurveda, systematizes the use of metals, minerals, and their compounds for therapeutic purposes. The Ayurvedic classification of these substances provides the foundation for their pharmaceutical processing, detoxification, and therapeutic application. Understanding this classification is vital for both traditional practice and scientific validation. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using classical Ayurvedic texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Rasa Ratna Samuccaya, Rasatarangini, Ayurveda Prakasha) and modern literature from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Search terms included “Rasashastra,” “Ayurvedic classification,” “metals and minerals in Ayurveda,” and “Bhasma safety.” Studies focusing on classification systems, pharmaceutical principles, and toxicological evaluations were included. Results: Ayurvedic texts broadly classify metals and minerals into categories such as Maharasa (primary minerals), Uparasa (secondary minerals), Dhatu (metals), Ratna (precious stones), and Sudha Varga (alkalis and earths). Each category has unique pharmaceutical significance, processing methods, and therapeutic applications. For example, Maharasa includes mercury, sulfur, and mica, which are considered vital for Rasashastra formulations. Modern analytical studies using XRD, SEM, and ICP-MS confirm the chemical transformations of these substances during Shodhana (purification) and Marana (incineration). Clinical and pharmacological studies suggest that properly processed metals and minerals exhibit therapeutic effects with reduced toxicity. Discussion: Ayurvedic classification is not merely taxonomic but functional, linking pharmaceutical properties with therapeutic outcomes. Modern science supports many aspects of this classification, though gaps remain in standardization, clinical validation, and global regulatory acceptance. Conclusion: The Ayurvedic classification of metals and minerals in Rasashastra demonstrates a sophisticated system integrating pharmacology, pharmaceutics, and therapeutics. Bridging traditional classification with modern analytical science can advance evidence-based validation of herbo-mineral formulations.

KEYWORDS: Ayurveda, Bhasma, Metals, Minerals, Rasashastra